Forex Trading

Cryptocurrencies markets are unregulated services which are not governed by any specific European regulatory framework (including MiFID) or in Seychelles. CFDs are complex instruments and come with a high risk of losing money rapidly due to leverage. 51% of retail investor accounts lose money when trading CFDs with this provider.

• Investors borrow the required amount to increase the trading value beyond what they currently have and play with tight-stop or profit-taking techniques to earn effectively.
• However, it’s important to note that while trend trading can be profitable, it also carries inherent risks, and not all trades will result in gains.
• Trend indicators like moving averages, Bollinger Bands, and Donchian Channels will help you know whether the trend is going on well.
• For instance, a trader may be looking for a bullish chart pattern, such as a double bottom, forming in proximity to an uptrend line.
• The risk of price bouncing and moving up is usually high when oversold conditions kick in.
• Trend analysis uses historical data, such as price movements and trade volume, to forecast the long-term direction of market sentiment.

Tesla Inc. (NASDAQ: TSLA) — Broken Trendlines

Traders usually aim to buy near the lower trendline (support) and sell near the upper one (resistance). This is the opposite of ‘buy the dips’, where traders sell when prices bounce back or ‘rally’ in a downtrend, anticipating that the trend will resume its downward trajectory. There are various tools that can be used to help establish whether a trend is likely to continue or not. For example, drawing a trendline can give a visual representation of the direction of price action. It also pinpoints price levels at which a trendline break would suggest a ifc markets review trend has ended. For example, historical data demonstrates that the long-term price trend of the stock market is upwards.

Support and Resistance Levels

Trend analysis can thus incorporate a variety of data sources, including price charts, financial statements, Forex momentum indicator economic indicators, and market data. Moving averages strategies involve entering into long, or short, positions when the short-term moving average crosses above, or below, a long-term moving average. Momentum indicator strategies involve entering into positions when a security is exhibiting strong momentum and exiting when that wanes. Trend trading is a powerful strategy that allows traders to capitalize on the directional movement of market trends.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Trend Analysis

If the data is incomplete, inaccurate, or otherwise flawed, the analysis may be misleading or inaccurate. Trend trading is one of the most profitable trading approaches in day trading. When you spot a trend early enough and ride it to the end, there is a likelihood that it will be highly profitable. As part of these strategies, it is important to know https://www.forex-world.net/ when to exit a bullish or bearish trade. Some of them exit a trade when oscillators like the RSI and Stochastic move to the extreme overbought level. Alternatively, you can short an asset that you believe will retreat in the foreseeable future.

Example 1: Using a synthetic dataset with moving averages

It is crucial to use additional confirmation indicators to reduce the risk of false signals and validate the presence of a solid trend. Swing trading is a shorter-term strategy that seeks to profit from price swings within an established trend. Swing traders look for smaller moves in the market but aim to capture gains by buying on pullbacks in an uptrend or selling on rallies in a downtrend. This strategy is particularly useful in trending markets with consistent swings.

• Another risk is misidentifying a trend, resulting in entering a trade at the wrong time.
• As we’ve already mentioned, there can also be neutral trend lines that move sideways.
• Because of their low volatility, rising trends may be relatively easy for the average investor to trade in.
• We were given three great opportunities to buy the pullback in GOOGL at the 50 moving average, noted by the arrows on the chart.
• This indicator focuses less on day-to-day movement and more on average price over time.
• Key strategies include riding long positions in an uptrend or short positions in a downtrend.
• For bullish trends, you want to connect the low points and high points to develop an up channel.

Chart Patterns

Trend following is a strategy that involves traders analyzing and locating a trend and its momentum- followed by riding on the trend extracting the profit with prompt entry and exit decisions. Generally, when an asset demonstrates an upward trend, traders often look to enter into an extended position and buy. However, in the opposite scenario, traders would go short and sell when the trend direction is downward. While trend traders predominantly rely on technical analysis, fundamental analysis can also provide insight into the strength of a trend.

Position Sizing

Traders using this strategy enter trades in the direction of the prevailing trend and hold onto their positions until there are clear signs of trend exhaustion or reversal. Conversely, when the shorter-term moving average crosses below the longer-term moving average, it generates a sell signal, indicating the start of a downtrend. Technical indicators, such as moving averages, relative strength index (RSI), or stochastic oscillators, provide insights into the strength and momentum of a trend. Trend traders seek to enter trades in the direction of the prevailing trend and hold onto their positions until the trend shows signs of reversing. However, it’s important to note that while trend trading can be profitable, it also carries inherent risks, and not all trades will result in gains. Successful trend trading requires skill, discipline, consistency, and a thorough understanding of the strategy.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) define hyperinflation as rates, liabilities and salaries related to a price index that has increased by 100 percent or more over three years. 11 Financial is a registered investment adviser located in Lufkin, Texas. 11 Financial may only transact business in those states in which it is registered, or qualifies for an exemption or exclusion from registration requirements. 11 Financial’s website is limited to the dissemination of general information pertaining to its advisory services, together with access to additional investment-related information, publications, and links. During inflation, earlier costs may have been matched against revenues, with the result that net income is higher than what it would otherwise be. In a period of inflation, the board of directors must ensure that they are mainly distributing current earnings as dividends.

Both inflation and deflation are not specific to one product or service, but rather, entire industries and markets. Monetary unit is never stable and all types of countries have been experiencing high rates of inflation. The prices change as a result objectives of inflation accounting of various economic and social forces and such changes bring about a change in the purchasing power of money. The main reason why inflation accounting is important and capital-valuable is to avoid the danger of capital erosion caused by non-inflationary profits. Because inflationary profits accrue taxes on non-inflationary profits and cause capital erosion through high profit distributions. Inflation occurs when the money in circulation exceeds the production of commodities and services.

1. In a period of inflation, the board of directors must ensure that they are mainly distributing current earnings as dividends.
2. The new value would be recorded on the balance sheet as the closing equipment balance at the end of the period.
3. Revaluations are based on the revalued costs as at the last closed period and are revalued in each of the selected revaluation periods within the report range of periods.
4. This means that businesses are viewed less critically by the public, can mobilize funds for expansion, can secure new investments, and also provide employment.
5. When a company operates in a country with high price inflation, historical information on financial accounts becomes invalid.

Ask a Financial Professional Any Question

It allows the business income and expenses to be representative and comparable with other companies and historical information. The main objective of inflation accounting is to incorporate realism into financial statements. This is done to reflect an enterprise’s financial performance and position in an accurate and fair manner over a particular period.

What are the elements of a balance sheet?

Depreciation is the reduction in the value of a fixed asset due to usage, wear and tear, the passage of time, or obsolescence. Thus, there is an imperative need for inflation-adjusted financial statements to be presented to shareholders and other interested parties. This means that businesses are viewed less critically by the public, can mobilize funds for expansion, can secure new investments, and also provide employment. Information about specific price changes for enterprises or industries can help policymakers to understand the impact of inflation on each industry. Further to the last point, it is worth adding that an overstatement of profits results in heavy financial strain for the company in terms of heavy dividends, heavy taxation, and so on. The conversion rate is found by dividing the index price at the end of the period by the index price at the beginning of the period.

3.1 Change in functional currency from a foreign currency to the parent’s currency

Financial statements, prepared according to conventional or historical accounting system, do not reflect current economic realities. There are two main methods used in inflation accounting—current purchasing power (CPP) and current cost accounting (CCA). When a company operates in a country where there is a significant amount of price inflation or deflation, historical information on financial statements is no longer relevant. To counter this issue, in certain cases, companies are permitted to use inflation-adjusted figures, restating numbers to reflect current economic values. Inflationary accounting uses index prices to create a more realistic picture of how companies and their financial positions are doing in inflationary settings.

Indexed – Professional Revaluation Window Description

1. Unless the necessary adjustments are made, price level changes produce distortions in the financial statements and suffer serious limitations.
2. Try investing in Navi Mutual Fund schemes, starting at just ₹10, and get exposure to top Indian and foreign companies with just a few clicks.
3. This accounting method aims to add reality to financial statements by changing them to accurately and fairly reflect a company’s financial performance and position in a given period.
4. Other items, such as inventory, are stated in monetary units that reflect the purchasing power of the recent past.
5. Choosing the most effective one among these methods is the healthiest approach in terms of both time and efficiency.
6. This method evaluates assets at their Fair Value Market (FMV) rather than their historical cost during the fixed asset purchase.

It is used to adjust accounting numbers and financial statements to reflect more accurate representations of the costs and incomes at a given time. This method evaluates assets at their Fair Value Market (FMV) rather than their historical cost during the fixed asset purchase. However, this method restates both monetary and non-monetary elements to their current values.

It can also create a moral hazard issue for companies that try to mislead individuals with their financials by seeing them from this different perspective. As well, it can lead to many restatements and constantly changing financial statements. Inflation or deflation can cause a significant impact on an organization’s historical information and financial reports. Due to the relative change in value from inflation/deflation, the financial data ceases to be relevant and, as a result, provides very little use or value to the individuals using them. These reports have been provided by HR respondents who are aware of their organisation’s pay rise plans. This method records the replacement cost, which is a parameter under all assets and liabilities in a balance sheet.

Financial statements prepared on a historical cost basis do not, as a rule, depict the real state of affairs of the organization. The system of inflation accounting, if introduced, will help the various parties who have an interest and stake in the business (e.g., shareholders, employees, external users, management, and government). If profits are overstated, it follows that costs and expenses are understated. Both IFRS and GAAP have been treating Argentina as “hyperinflationary” since 2018 because cumulative inflation there over the prior three years has exceeded 100%. However, the requirements they impose on companies operating in the country vary.

In this example, when the asset has to be replaced, larger funds are required on account of inflationary conditions. The asset purchased for Rs. 8, 00,000 and its life was expected to be 10 years, a sum of Rs 80,000 (10%) would be charged as depreciation every year. If after 10 years, the asset can be purchased for Rs. 13, 00,000, the firm may have to face serious problems because of insufficiency of funds. The assumption of stable money value subject to which the financial statements are prepared is fallacious in the context of rising prices.

To find the new value using the CPP method, multiply the historical cost by the conversion factor. Inflation accounting is a method of tracking the changing value of an asset that is subject to inflation. One of the biggest challenges is keeping track of all the expenses subject to inflation.

At Finance Strategists, we partner with financial experts to ensure the accuracy of our financial content. Finance Strategists has an advertising relationship with some of the companies included on this website. We may earn a commission when you click on a link or make a purchase through the links on our site. All of our content is based on objective analysis, and the opinions are our own. The public understanding of the business, as well as the various effects of inflation, increases. Allocation of capital is achieved through the pricing mechanism in capital markets.

Adjusting to the price level change means charging lower depreciation and overstating profits, which is also negative from many perspectives. As a result, companies that do not adopt inflation accounting may report misleading profits, undervalue assets, and misrepresent liabilities, leading to poor decision-making by management, investors, and other stakeholders. Inflation accounting offers several significant advantages, primarily by enhancing the accuracy and relevance of financial statements during periods of inflation. This leads to more accurate profit measurement and a better understanding of a company’s true financial performance. Furthermore, it promotes better decision-making by management and investors, as financial data adjusted for inflation presents a more realistic picture of the company’s economic health. Money is the yardstick for measuring profits and losses and financial health of the business — operating results and financial position.

As a result of inflation, the preparation of budgets by an organization may need to be intensified. Management will be better equipped to tackle the problems caused by inflation and, in turn, productivity will improve in the long run. Upgrading to a paid membership gives you access to our extensive collection of plug-and-play Templates designed to power your performance—as well as CFI’s full course catalog and accredited Certification Programs. Access and download collection of free Templates to help power your productivity and performance.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) define hyperinflation as rates, liabilities and salaries related to a price index that has increased by 100 percent or more over three years. 11 Financial is a registered investment adviser located in Lufkin, Texas. 11 Financial may only transact business in those states in which it is registered, or qualifies for an exemption or exclusion from registration requirements. 11 Financial’s website is limited to the dissemination of general information pertaining to its advisory services, together with access to additional investment-related information, publications, and links. During inflation, earlier costs may have been matched against revenues, with the result that net income is higher than what it would otherwise be. In a period of inflation, the board of directors must ensure that they are mainly distributing current earnings as dividends.

Both inflation and deflation are not specific to one product or service, but rather, entire industries and markets. Monetary unit is never stable and all types of countries have been experiencing high rates of inflation. The prices change as a result objectives of inflation accounting of various economic and social forces and such changes bring about a change in the purchasing power of money. The main reason why inflation accounting is important and capital-valuable is to avoid the danger of capital erosion caused by non-inflationary profits. Because inflationary profits accrue taxes on non-inflationary profits and cause capital erosion through high profit distributions. Inflation occurs when the money in circulation exceeds the production of commodities and services.

1. In a period of inflation, the board of directors must ensure that they are mainly distributing current earnings as dividends.
2. The new value would be recorded on the balance sheet as the closing equipment balance at the end of the period.
3. Revaluations are based on the revalued costs as at the last closed period and are revalued in each of the selected revaluation periods within the report range of periods.
4. This means that businesses are viewed less critically by the public, can mobilize funds for expansion, can secure new investments, and also provide employment.
5. When a company operates in a country with high price inflation, historical information on financial accounts becomes invalid.

Ask a Financial Professional Any Question

It allows the business income and expenses to be representative and comparable with other companies and historical information. The main objective of inflation accounting is to incorporate realism into financial statements. This is done to reflect an enterprise’s financial performance and position in an accurate and fair manner over a particular period.

What are the elements of a balance sheet?

Depreciation is the reduction in the value of a fixed asset due to usage, wear and tear, the passage of time, or obsolescence. Thus, there is an imperative need for inflation-adjusted financial statements to be presented to shareholders and other interested parties. This means that businesses are viewed less critically by the public, can mobilize funds for expansion, can secure new investments, and also provide employment. Information about specific price changes for enterprises or industries can help policymakers to understand the impact of inflation on each industry. Further to the last point, it is worth adding that an overstatement of profits results in heavy financial strain for the company in terms of heavy dividends, heavy taxation, and so on. The conversion rate is found by dividing the index price at the end of the period by the index price at the beginning of the period.

3.1 Change in functional currency from a foreign currency to the parent’s currency

Financial statements, prepared according to conventional or historical accounting system, do not reflect current economic realities. There are two main methods used in inflation accounting—current purchasing power (CPP) and current cost accounting (CCA). When a company operates in a country where there is a significant amount of price inflation or deflation, historical information on financial statements is no longer relevant. To counter this issue, in certain cases, companies are permitted to use inflation-adjusted figures, restating numbers to reflect current economic values. Inflationary accounting uses index prices to create a more realistic picture of how companies and their financial positions are doing in inflationary settings.

Indexed – Professional Revaluation Window Description

1. Unless the necessary adjustments are made, price level changes produce distortions in the financial statements and suffer serious limitations.
2. Try investing in Navi Mutual Fund schemes, starting at just ₹10, and get exposure to top Indian and foreign companies with just a few clicks.
3. This accounting method aims to add reality to financial statements by changing them to accurately and fairly reflect a company’s financial performance and position in a given period.
4. Other items, such as inventory, are stated in monetary units that reflect the purchasing power of the recent past.
5. Choosing the most effective one among these methods is the healthiest approach in terms of both time and efficiency.
6. This method evaluates assets at their Fair Value Market (FMV) rather than their historical cost during the fixed asset purchase.

It is used to adjust accounting numbers and financial statements to reflect more accurate representations of the costs and incomes at a given time. This method evaluates assets at their Fair Value Market (FMV) rather than their historical cost during the fixed asset purchase. However, this method restates both monetary and non-monetary elements to their current values.

It can also create a moral hazard issue for companies that try to mislead individuals with their financials by seeing them from this different perspective. As well, it can lead to many restatements and constantly changing financial statements. Inflation or deflation can cause a significant impact on an organization’s historical information and financial reports. Due to the relative change in value from inflation/deflation, the financial data ceases to be relevant and, as a result, provides very little use or value to the individuals using them. These reports have been provided by HR respondents who are aware of their organisation’s pay rise plans. This method records the replacement cost, which is a parameter under all assets and liabilities in a balance sheet.

Financial statements prepared on a historical cost basis do not, as a rule, depict the real state of affairs of the organization. The system of inflation accounting, if introduced, will help the various parties who have an interest and stake in the business (e.g., shareholders, employees, external users, management, and government). If profits are overstated, it follows that costs and expenses are understated. Both IFRS and GAAP have been treating Argentina as “hyperinflationary” since 2018 because cumulative inflation there over the prior three years has exceeded 100%. However, the requirements they impose on companies operating in the country vary.

In this example, when the asset has to be replaced, larger funds are required on account of inflationary conditions. The asset purchased for Rs. 8, 00,000 and its life was expected to be 10 years, a sum of Rs 80,000 (10%) would be charged as depreciation every year. If after 10 years, the asset can be purchased for Rs. 13, 00,000, the firm may have to face serious problems because of insufficiency of funds. The assumption of stable money value subject to which the financial statements are prepared is fallacious in the context of rising prices.

To find the new value using the CPP method, multiply the historical cost by the conversion factor. Inflation accounting is a method of tracking the changing value of an asset that is subject to inflation. One of the biggest challenges is keeping track of all the expenses subject to inflation.

At Finance Strategists, we partner with financial experts to ensure the accuracy of our financial content. Finance Strategists has an advertising relationship with some of the companies included on this website. We may earn a commission when you click on a link or make a purchase through the links on our site. All of our content is based on objective analysis, and the opinions are our own. The public understanding of the business, as well as the various effects of inflation, increases. Allocation of capital is achieved through the pricing mechanism in capital markets.

Adjusting to the price level change means charging lower depreciation and overstating profits, which is also negative from many perspectives. As a result, companies that do not adopt inflation accounting may report misleading profits, undervalue assets, and misrepresent liabilities, leading to poor decision-making by management, investors, and other stakeholders. Inflation accounting offers several significant advantages, primarily by enhancing the accuracy and relevance of financial statements during periods of inflation. This leads to more accurate profit measurement and a better understanding of a company’s true financial performance. Furthermore, it promotes better decision-making by management and investors, as financial data adjusted for inflation presents a more realistic picture of the company’s economic health. Money is the yardstick for measuring profits and losses and financial health of the business — operating results and financial position.

As a result of inflation, the preparation of budgets by an organization may need to be intensified. Management will be better equipped to tackle the problems caused by inflation and, in turn, productivity will improve in the long run. Upgrading to a paid membership gives you access to our extensive collection of plug-and-play Templates designed to power your performance—as well as CFI’s full course catalog and accredited Certification Programs. Access and download collection of free Templates to help power your productivity and performance.

Rok temu GUS, podając dane za 2023 roku, wskazywał, że przeciętne wynagrodzenie wyniosło 6246,13 zł. Jak widać, wzrost jest znaczący – wyniósł 894,39 zł, co oznacza skok o 14,3 proc. Informacje Głównego Urzędu Goldman Sachs aby cię zlikwidować w styczniu Statystycznego wskazują, że w skali całego roku sprzedaż detaliczna wzrosła z kolei o 6,1 proc. Zjawisko konsumpcji podlega w ostatnim czasie szybkim zmianom napędzanym przez młode generacje. – Można zaobserwować tendencje Polaków do szybkiej asymilacji hedonistycznych wzorów zachowań konsumpcyjnych charakterystycznych dla kosmopolitycznej kultury globalnej – mówi Mróz. – Wyniki koniunktury konsumenckiej za styczeń i luty wskazują na wciąż podwyższoną skłonność do oszczędzania.

W związku z tym nie bardzo ludzie chcą mieć dzieci – mówi w rozmowie z PCh24 Marek Grabowski, prezes Fundacji Mamy i Taty. Dodaje, że wzrost ruchu w sklepach convenience i hipermarketach może mieć w konsekwencji pośredni wpływ na spadek ruchu w dyskontach i supermarketach. Jak podał w lutym GUS, zdecydowanie wzrosły również wynagrodzenia w Polsce. Według obliczeń, przeciętne wynagrodzenie miesięczne w gospodarce narodowej w ubiegłym roku wyniosło 7140,52 zł.

Po pierwsze, jesteśmy w fazie umiarkowanego ożywienia gospodarczego. Produkcja przemysłowa mozolnie się odradza, a w kolejnych miesiącach to odrodzenie powinno być coraz szybsze w miarę, jak konsumpcja przyspieszy jeszcze bardziej. Po trzecie konsumpcja wreszcie przyspieszyła i staje się spójna z dynamicznie rosnącymi płacami realnymi. — Oczywiście może się zdarzyć (i pewnie jest też w tym część racji), że wydajemy pieniądze głównie na usługi (te dane publikowane są z kilkumiesięcznym opóźnieniem — red.), a nie produkty. Ten spadek może być też wynikiem zwiększania oszczędności.

Na początku będzie dostępna w obszarze metropolitarnym Helsinek. Jego zdaniem gospodarstwa domowe ograniczają konsumpcję na rzecz odbudowy oszczędności. — W ujęciu nominalnym jest to najsłabszy wynik od lutego 2021 r. O ogromnym rozczarowaniu w odniesieniu do wrześniowych wyników sprzedaży mówi również Monika Kurtek, główna ekonomistka Banku Pocztowego.

W tym przypadku zwiększyła się w rok o 4,8 proc. Jak Apple (NASDAQ:AAPL) Stock Could Gain 32% in 2021 w świetle powyższych trendów konsumenckich wygląda rzeczywista konsumpcja w Polsce? Z badania przeprowadzonego przez Radziszewską wynika, że aż 42 proc. Respondentów kupuje zbyt dużo w stosunku do swoich aktualnych potrzeb. Niemal połowa (48,75 proc.) ujawniła, iż zdarza im się wyrzucać przeterminowaną lub zepsutą żywność.

Dynamika zatrudnienia jest w stagnacji, ponieważ zatrudnienie, ani nie Wskaźnik aligatora: Jak korzystać z handlu forex rośnie, ani znacząco nie spada. Odnotowano dynamikę w tym segmencie na poziomie -0,1% r/r wobec konsensusu w wysokości -0,2% r/r. To lepsze dane, niż w listopadzie, kiedy zatrudnienie spadło o 0,2% w stosunku do analogicznego okresu w poprzednim roku. Mówią tyle, że pracodawcy „chomikują” zatrudnienie, tzn.

Według gazety w ostatnich latach dyskonty systematycznie zdobywały udziały rynkowe dzięki strategii nastawionej na komunikowanie niskich cen. W efekcie zdecydowanie wygrywały walkę o rynek, a do defensywy zepchnęły inne formaty sklepów, zwłaszcza hipermarkety. To się jednak może odwrócić – czytamy w “Rz”. Wzrost konsumpcji prywatnej w 2025 roku nadal będzie solidny, jednak słabszy niż w rekordowym 2024.

Wyższe wydatki na służbę zdrowia i dobra konsumpcyjne, a głównie na żywność, gaz i paliwa. Rząd zwiększył również wydatki konsumpcyjne w czwartym kwartale 2024 r. Jak wynika z danych opublikowanych przez Eurostat, rzeczywista konsumpcja indywidualna (AIC) per capita w Polsce w 2022 roku była na poziomie 86 proc. Średniej unijnej, podczas gdy jeszcze dwa lata temu była ona o 2 pkt proc.

Ostatni wskaźnik DIK (na poziomie 49,22 pkt za I kwartał) jest niższy o ponad 2 punkty w porównaniu do wskaźnika z IV kwartału 2021 r. (51,42 pkt) i spadł o niemal 3 punkty w stosunku do analogicznego okresu poprzedniego roku (52,16 pkt za I kwartał 2021 r.). Jednak w ciągu dwóch ostatnich dekad polska gospodarka praktycznie nieprzerwanie rosła.

Przykładowo Niemcy, z którymi tak bardzo lubimy się porównywać, mogą pochwalić się produkcją na mieszkańca większą od tej unijnej o 17 proc., a od tej Polskiej aż o 37 pkt proc. Przy czym, co warto zaznaczyć, nas zachodni sąsiad nawet nie jest blisko osiągnięcia wartości notowanych przez Luksemburg (261 proc. unijnej średniej) czy Irlandię (231 proc.). Przedsiębiorstwa zaklasyfikowane do grupy o najwyższym udziale w sprzedaży detalicznej “ogółem” — “żywność, napoje i wyroby tytoniowe” wykazały wzrost o 0,6 proc. Tego, co mieszkaniec Unii Europejskiej – wynika z raportu Eurostatu z 2017 roku.

Mimo wszystko Polacy jako konsumenci mają samopoczucie zdecydowanie lepsze od średniej unijnej. — Nikt się nie spodziewał takiego obrotu sprawy — przyznaje Mariusz Zielonka, główny ekonomista Konfederacji Lewiatan, komentując publikację GUS. — Zaczyna się realizować nasz scenariusz z początku roku, kiedy wskazywaliśmy, że boom konsumpcyjny w skali, w jakiej oczekuje rynek może nie nadejść.